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TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND MUSIC INFORMATION
 
Approaches to Quality-Kaizen

Introduction to Quality Management System Kaizen 
 
Keys to the Kaizen concept is that it is an on-going, never-ending improvement process. As the reader may already know, it is not too difficult part is, how to keep it going and maintain the momentum once it has been introduced. Many companies have tried to introduce such projects as quality circles, reengineering, and lean production. While some of them have been successful, most have failed to make such a project a going concern.For instance, many Western companies introduced quality circles by involving employees but most companies have simply given up the idea of quality circles by involving employees but most companies have simply given up the idea of quality circle activities by now. This happened because management failed to build internal infrastructures, systems and procedures that would assure the continuing of quality circle activities. This has happened because most Western companies lacked the concept of KAIZEN. 
 
Music Information

The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is awarded by the Recording Academy to "performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording" [1]. This award is distinct from the Grammy Hall of Fame Award, which honors specific recordings rather than individuals, and the Grammy Trustees Award, which honors non-performers.

 
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Recipents
 
Year and Recipient
 
1962 Bing Crosby Hall of Fame Singer and Actor
1965 Frank Sinatra Hall of Fame Singer and Actor
1966 Duke Ellington Hall of Fame Songwriter and Musician
1967 Ella Fitzgerald Hall of Fame Singer
1968 Irving Berlin Hall of Fame Songwriter
1971 Elvis Presley Hall of Fame Singer and Actor
1972 Louis Armstrong Hall of Fame Singer and Musician
1972 Mahalia Jackson Hall of Fame Singer
1984 Chuck Berry Hall of Fame Singer and Musician
1984 Charlie Parker Hall of Fame Musician
1985 Leonard Bernstein Hall of Fame Composer
1986 Benny Goodman Hall of Fame Musician
1986 The Rolling Stones Hall of Fame Vocal Group
1986 Andres Segovia Great Hall of Fame Guitarist
1987 Roy Acuff Hall of Fame and Hollywood Walk of Fame Musician
1987 Benny Carter Hall of Fame Musician
1987 Enrico Caruso Hall of Fame Opera Singer
1987 Ray Charles Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1987 Fats Domino Hall of Fame Musician
1987 Woody Herman Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1987 Billie Holiday Hall of Fame Singer
1987 B.B King Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1987 Isaac Stern Hall of Fame Musician
1987 Igor Stravinsky Hall of Fame Composer
1987 Arturo Toscanini Hall of Fame Musician
1987 Hank Williams Sr. Hall of Fame Musician,Singer, and Songwriter.
1989 Fred Astaire Hall of Fame Actor,Dancer,Musician,and Singer
1989 Pablo Casals Hall of Fame Musician
1989 Dizzy Gillespie Hall of Fame Musician
1989 Jascha Heifetz Hall of Fame Musician / Violinist
1989 Lena Horne Hall of Fame Singer
1989 Leontyne Price Hall of Fame Opera
1989 Bessie Smith Hall of Fame Blues and Jazz Musician and Singer
1989 Art Tatum Hall of Fame Musician
1989 Sarah Vaughan Hall of Fame Singer
1990 Nat King Cole Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1990 Miles Davis Hall of Fame Musician
1990 Vladimir Horowitz Hall of Fame Classical Pianist 
1990  Sir Paul McCartney Hall of Fame of Musician,Singer,and Songwriter
1991 Marian Anderson Hall of Fame Singer and Composer
1991 Bob Dylan Hall of Fame Musician,Singer,and Songwriter
1991 John Lennon Hall of Fame Performer
1991 Kitty Wells Hall of Fame Musician,Singer,and Songwriter.
1992 James Brown Hall of Fame Musician,Singer,and Songwriter
1992 John Coltrane Hall of Fame Musician
1992 Jimi Hendrix Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1992 Muddy Waters Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1993 Chet Atkins Hall of Fame Musician
1993 Little Richard Hall of Fame Musician,Singer,and Songwriter
1993 Thelonious Monk Hall of Fame Musician
1993 Bill Monroe Hall of Fame Composer and Musician
1993 Pete Seeger Hall of Fame Musician
1993 Fat Waller Hall of Fame Musician and Songwriter
1994 Bill Evans Hall of Fame Pianist
1994 Aretha Franklin Hall of Fame Performer
1994 Arthur Rubinstein Hall of Fame Classical Musician
1995 Patsy Cline Hall of Fame and Walk of Fame Fame Performer
1995 Peggy Lee Hall of Fame Performer
1995 Henry Mancini Hall of Fame Conductor,Composer,and Arranger.
1995 Curtis Mayfield Hall of Fame Musician,Singer,and Songwriter
1995 Barbara Streisand Hall and Walk of Fame Actress,Composer,Producer,Singer,and Songwriter
1996 Dave Brubeck Hall of Fame Musician
1996 Marvin Gaye Hall of Fame Musician and Singer
1996 Sir Georg Solti KBE Hall of Fame Conductor
1996 Stevie Wonder Hall and Walk of Fame Musician,Singer,and Songwriter
 
Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients

The following individuals have received Lifetime Achievement Awards, listed by year.

Year Recipient
1962 Bing Crosby
1965 Frank Sinatra
1966 Duke Ellington
1967 Ella Fitzgerald
1968 Irving Berlin
1971 Elvis Presley
1972 Louis Armstrong, Mahalia Jackson
1984 Chuck Berry, Charlie Parker
1985 Leonard Bernstein
1986 Benny Goodman, The Rolling Stones, Andrés Segovia
1987 Roy Acuff, Benny Carter, Enrico Caruso, Ray Charles, Fats Domino, Woody Herman, Billie Holiday, B. B. King, Isaac Stern, Igor Stravinsky, Arturo Toscanini, Hank Williams Sr.
1989 Fred Astaire, Pablo Casals, Dizzy Gillespie, Jascha Heifetz, Lena Horne, Leontyne Price, Bessie Smith, Art Tatum, Sarah Vaughan
1990 Nat "King" Cole, Miles Davis, Vladimir Horowitz, Sir Paul McCartney
1991 Marian Anderson, Bob Dylan, John Lennon, Kitty Wells
1992 James Brown, John Coltrane, Jimi Hendrix, Muddy Waters
1993 Chet Atkins, Little Richard, Thelonious Monk, Bill Monroe, Pete Seeger, Fats Waller
1994 Bill Evans, Aretha Franklin, Arthur Rubinstein
1995 Patsy Cline, Peggy Lee, Henry Mancini, Curtis Mayfield, Barbra Streisand
1996 Dave Brubeck, Marvin Gaye, Georg Solti, Stevie Wonder
1997 Bobby "Blue" Bland, The Everly Brothers, Judy Garland, Stéphane Grappelli, Buddy Holly, Charles Mingus, Oscar Peterson, Frank Zappa
1998 Bo Diddley, The Mills Brothers, Roy Orbison, Paul Robeson
1999 Johnny Cash, Sam Cooke, Otis Redding, Smokey Robinson, Mel Tormé
2000 Harry Belafonte, Woody Guthrie, John Lee Hooker, Mitch Miller, Willie Nelson
2001 The Beach Boys, Tony Bennett, Sammy Davis, Jr., Bob Marley, The Who
2002 Count Basie, Rosemary Clooney, Perry Como, Al Green, Joni Mitchell
2003 Etta James, Johnny Mathis, Glenn Miller, Tito Puente, Simon and Garfunkel
2004 Van Cliburn, The Funk Brothers, Ella Jenkins, Sonny Rollins, Artie Shaw, Doc Watson
2005

Eddy Arnold, Art Blakey, The Carter Family, Morton Gould, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Jelly Roll Morton, Joe Willie "Pinetop" Perkins, The Staple Singers

 

2006 David Bowie, Cream, Merle Haggard, Robert Johnson, Jessye Norman, Richard Pryor, The Weavers
 

The Grammy Trustees Award is awarded by the Recording Academy to "individuals who, during their careers in music, have made significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording" . Through 1983, performers could also receive this award. This award is distinct from the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, which honors performers.

Trustees Award Recipients

The following individuals have received Trustees Awards, listed by year.

Year Recipient(s)
1967 Georg Solti & John Culshaw
1968 Duke Ellington & Billy Strayhorn, Krzysztof Penderecki
1970 Robert Moog
1971 Chris Albertson, John Hammond, Larry Hiller, Paul Weston
1972 The Beatles
1977 Thomas Edison, Leopold Stokowski
1979 Goddard Lieberson, Frank Sinatra
1981 Count Basie, Aaron Copland
1983 Les Paul
1984 Béla Bartók
1985 Eldridge Johnson
1986 George & Ira Gershwin
1987 Harold Arlen, Emile Berliner, Jerome Kern, Johnny Mercer
1989 Walt Disney, Quincy Jones, Cole Porter
1990 Dick Clark
1991 Milt Gabler, Berry Gordy, Sam Phillips
1992 Thomas A. Dorsey, Christine Farnon, Oscar Hammerstein II, Lorenz Hart
1993 Ahmet & Nesuhi Ertegun, W. C. Handy, George Simon
1994 Norman Granz
1995 Pierre Cossette
1996 George Martin, Jerry Wexler
1997 Herb Alpert & Jerry Moss, Burt Bacharach & Hal David, Alan Jay Lerner & Frederick Loewe, Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller
1998 Holland-Dozier-Holland, Frances Preston, Richard Rodgers
1999 Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff
2000 Clive Davis, Phil Spector
2001 Arif Mardin, Phil Ramone
2002 Tom Dowd, Alan Freed
2003 Alan Lomax, New York Philharmonic
2004 Gerry Goffin & Carole King, Orrin Keepnews, Marian McPartland
2005 Hoagy Carmichael, Don Cornelius, Alfred Lion, Dr. Billy Taylor
2006 Chris Blackwell, Owen Bradley, Al Schmitt
  

The GRAMMY Legend Award is a Grammy Award awarded on special occasions, not every year. This is a Special Merit Award, and it is presented by the Recording Academy to individuals or groups for ongoing contributions and influence in the recording field. It has only been awarded fifteen times since it was first presented in 1990.

2000s

1990s

 
 
 
 
 

The Silver Buffalo Award, created in 1926, is bestowed upon those adults who give truly noteworthy and extraordinary service to youth. This award, Boy Scouts of America's highest commendation, recognizes the invaluable contributions that outstanding American men and women render to youth. The service must be national in character and can be directly connected with the BSA or independent of the movement.

The award consists of a small silver buffalo designed by A. Phimister Proctor, and suspended from a red and white ribbon worn around the neck. A square knot, one strand red the other white, may be worn on the BSA field uniform.

The Silver Buffalo Award

Since 1926, the Boy Scouts of America has awarded the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to youth. Each year, this award for noteworthy service of a national or worldwide character is made to men and women associated with Scouting and to others not directly associated with Scouting.

1926

Sir Robert S.S. Baden-Powell
Gilwell Park, England
Chief Scout of the World
Daniel Carter Beard *
Suffern, New York
National Scout Commissioner
William D. Boyce
Chicago, Illinois
Publisher; Incorporator of Boy Scouts of America
Howard S. Braucher
New York, New York
Chairman, Committee on Organization, Boy Scouts of America
George J. Fisher
New York, New York
Physician; Deputy Chief Scout Executive
John Sherman Hoyt *
Darien, Connecticut
Manufacturer; Chairman, Finance Committee, Boy Scouts of America
Jeremiah W. Jenks *
New York, New York
Educator; Formulator of Scout Oath and Law
Joseph Lee
Boston, Massachusetts
Advocate of Playground and Outdoor Recreation
Colin H. Livingstone *
Washington, D.C.
Financier
Milton A. McRae *
Detroit, Michigan
Publisher; President, Boy Scouts of America
William D. Murray *
Plainfield, New Jersey
Lawyer; Chairman, Editorial Board, Boy Scouts of America
George D. Pratt *
New York, New York
Treasurer, Boy Scouts of America
Frank Presbrey *
New York, New York
Advertising Man; Developer of Boys' Life
G. Barrett Rich *
New York, New York
Chairman, National Committee of Badges, Awards, and Scout Requirements
Edgar M. Robinson *
Washington, D.C.
Co-organizer, Boy Scouts of America
Mortimer L. Schiff *
New York, New York
Philanthropist; President, Boy Scouts of America
The Unknown Scout
Boy Scout
Ernest Thompson Seton
New York, New York
Chief Scout
James J. Storrow (Posthumous Award)
Boston, Massachusetts
Banker; President, Boy Scouts of America
James E. West *
New York, New York
Lawyer; Chief Scout Executive
George W. Wingate
New York, New York
Advocate of Organized Outdoor Recreation

1927

Brother Barnabas, F.S.C.
New York, New York
Educator; Director, Catholic Bureau, Boy Scouts of America
Stuart W. French
Pasadena, California
Business Executive; Organizer of Region 12
Walter W. Head
Omaha, Nebraska
Banker; President, Boy Scouts of America
Hubert S. Martin, C.B.E.
London, England
Director, Boy Scouts International Bureau
Bolton Smith
Memphis, Tennessee
Banker; Promoter of Interracial Understanding
William Howard Taft
Washington, D.C.
Chief Justice of the United States; First Honorary President, Boy Scoutsof America
William Adams Welch
Washington, D.C.
National and State Parks Commissioner

1928

W. de Bonstetten
Kandersteg, Switzerland
President, Swiss Federation of Boy Scouts
Arthur N. Cotton
Buffalo, New York
Promoter of High-Y Clubs
William H. Cowles
Spokane, Washington
Publisher; First Chairman, Region 11 Committee
Clarence H. Howard
St. Louis, Missouri
Philanthropist; Founder of Junior Chamber of Commerce
Charles A. Lindbergh
Hopewell, New Jersey
Aviator; Transatlantic Pioneer
The Unknown Soldier
Patriot
Charles D. Velie
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Philanthropist; Promoter of Scouting for Rural Boys

1929

Richard E. Byrd
Winchester, Virginia
Commander, U.S. Navy; Antarctic Explorer
Calvin Coolidge
Plymouth, Vermont
30th President, United States of America
John H. Finley
New York, New York
Educator; Founder of Junior American Red Cross
Howard F. Gillette
Chicago, Illinois
Banker; Promoter of Sea Scouting
Charles D. Hart
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Physician; Promoter of Troop Camping
Wilbert E. Longfellow
Washington, D.C.
Water-Safety Promoter, American Red Cross
H.R.H. The Prince
of Wales
Scouting Enthusiast

1930

Lewis Warrington Baldwin
St. Louis, Missouri
Railroad President; Regional Chairman
Herbert Clark Hoover
West Branch, Iowa
31st President, United States of America
Charles C. Moore
San Francisco, California
Engineer; Scouter
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Hyde Park, New York
Governor, State of New York; Advocate of Scouting
James Earl Russell
New York, New York
Educator; Scouter
Charles L. Sommers
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Business Executive; Chairman, Region 10
James Austin Wilder
New York, New York
Developer and Organizer of Sea Scouting

1931

Griffith Ogden Ellis
Detroit, Michigan
Editor and Publisher, American Boy Magazine
Lewis Gawtry
New York, New York
Banker; Philanthropist
Lord Hampton, D.S.O.
London, England
Distinguished British Scouter
George Welch Olmsted
Warren, Pennsylvania
Utilities Executive; World Scouter
Victor F. Ridder
New York, New York
Newspaper Publisher; Catholic Scouter
Robert P. Sniffen
Yonkers, New York
Merchandising Consultant; Chairman, Committee on Supply Service
Mell R. Wilkinson
Atlanta, Georgia
Manufacturer; National Executive Board Member

1932

Frank A. Bean
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Business Executive; Advocate of Rural Scouting
Barron Collier
New York, New York
Philanthropist; Promoter of Scouting
Alfred W. Dater
Stamford, Connecticut
Utilities Executive; First Chairman, Sea Scout Committee
Dwight Filley Davis
St. Louis, Missouri
Public Servant; Advocate of Athletics
William Edwin Hall
Greenwich, Connecticut
Lawyer; President, Boys' Clubs of America
Hermann W. Merkel
New York, New York
Creative Administrator of Parks and Camps

1933

Cyrus Adler
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Educator; Chairman, Jewish Committee on Scouting
Martin H. Carmody
New York, New York
Supreme Knight, Knights of Columbus
Vincent Massey
Toronto, Canada
Canadian Diplomat; Philanthropist
John A. McGregor
San Francisco, California
Region 12 Scouter; Friend to Youth
Reginald H. Parsons
Seattle, Washington
Developer of Scouting in Pacific Northwest
John P. Wallace
Des Moines, Iowa
Publisher; Advocate of Rural Scouting

1934

Newton D. Baker
Cleveland, Ohio
Statesman; Humanitarian
Charles E. Cotting
Boston, Massachusetts
Philanthropist; Promoter of New England Scouting
Paul Percy Harris
Chicago, Illinois
Lawyer; Founder of Rotary Club Movement
Frederic Kernochan
New York, New York
Jurist; Pioneer Scouter; Urban League Executive
John M. Phillips
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Conservationist; Recipient of Silver Wolf Award
Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
Oyster Bay, New York
Public Servant; Explorer
George Albert Smith
Salt Lake City, Utah
Business Executive; Religious Leader; Scouter

1935

Calvin Derrick
Jamesburg, New Jersey
Educator; Penologist; Innovator
R. Tait McKenzie
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Educator; Sculptor of Boy Scout Statue
Amos Alonzo Stagg
Stockton, California
Educator; Dean of American Coaches
Booth Tarkington
Indianapolis, Indiana
Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author; Immortalizer of Youth
Daniel A. Tobin
New York, New York
Banker; Scouter; Cofounder, Columbian Squires
Fielding Harris Yost
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Scout Commissioner; Exponent of Clean Sports

1936

Frederick Russell Burnham
Three Rivers, California
American-British Adventurer
Hugh S. Cumming
Washington, D.C.
United States Surgeon General
Lawrence Locke Doggett
Springfield, Massachusetts
Educator; Pioneer for Training for Boys' Work
Charles Horace Mayo
Rochester, Minnesota
Surgeon; Health Authority; Pioneer Scouter
George Edgar Vincent
Greenwich, Connecticut
Educator; Adviser to Scouting for Health and Safety
John Skinner Wilson
Gilwell Park, England
Gilwell Camp Chief; World Scouter

1938

George A. Allen
Washington, D.C.
Presidential Representative for First National Jamboree
Frank Cody
Detroit, Michigan
Educator; Innovator with Schools and Scouting
Frank G. Hoover
Canton, Ohio
Longtime Scouter; Friend to Youth
William T. Hornaday
Stamford, Connecticut
Zoologist and Conservationist; Pioneer; Scouter
Cornelius McGillicuddy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
"Connie Mack"-Advocate of Good Sportsmanship
C.B. Smith
Washington, D.C.
Public Servant; Physician; Worker for Rural Scouting
John A. Stiles
Ottawa, Canada
Canadian Scouting Official; Recipient of Silver Wolf Award
Thomas E. Wilson
Chicago, Illinois
Promoter for Rural Youth and 4-H Clubs

1939

William Chalmers Covert
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Clergyman; Scouter
Marshall Field
New York, New York
Business Executive; Philanthropist; Scouter
Elbert K. Fretwell
New York, New York
Educator; Scouter; Training Innovator
Heber J. Grant
Salt Lake City, Utah
Industrialist; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Official
Francis C. Kelley
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Bishop of Oklahoma City and Tulsa; Scouter
John R. Mott
New York, New York
Missionary; Statesman; World Youth Leader
Norman Rockwell
Arlington, Vermont
Artist; Prime Creator of Scouting's Image

1940

Edward Roberts Moore
New York, New York
Catholic Clergyman; Youth Worker; Scouter
Eugene D. Nims
St. Louis, Missouri
Philanthropist; Scouter
George W. Truett
Dallas, Texas
Clergyman; World Youth Leader; Scouter

1941

C. Ward Crampton
New York, New York
Scientist; Author; Physical Fitness Advocate
Homer Folks
New York, New York
Social Welfare Statesman
Daniel A. Poling
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Clergyman; Editor; Scouter
Edgar Rickard
Darien, Connecticut
Mining Engineer; Humanitarian; Friend to Scouting
J.E.H. Stevenot
Manila, Philippines
Creator of Modern Philippine Scout Organization

1942

Frank O. Lowden
Oregon, Illinois
Farmer; Lawyer; Statesman; Philanthropist; Scouter
Ragnvald Anderson Nestos
Minot, North Dakota
Lawyer; Statesman; Church Worker; Pioneer in Rural Scouting
Frank Phillips
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Banker; Philanthropist; Enthusiast for Scouting
Bernard J. Sheil
Chicago, Illinois
Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago; Founder of CYO; Scouter
William Clay Smoot
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Banker; Outdoorsman; Worker for Rural Youth

1943

J. Edgar Hoover
Washington, D.C.
Lawyer; Criminologist; Director, FBI
Harry C. Knight
New Haven, Connecticut
Business Executive; Philanthropist; Scouter
John M. Schiff
New York, New York
Banker; President, Boy Scouts of America
William L. Smith
Louisville, Kentucky
Surgeon; Public Servant; Author; Scouter
Frank W. Wozencraft
Dallas, Texas
Businessman; Lawyer; Statesman; Scouter

1944

Oscar H. Benson
Seven Stars, Pennsylvania
Educator; Founder, 4-H Clubs
Charles Evans Hughes
Glens Falls, New York
Jurist; Statesman; Diplomat; Champion of Youth
William C. Menninger
Topeka, Kansas
Neuropsychiatrist; Scouter
Elbridge W. Palmer
Kingsport, Tennessee
Publisher; Worker for Disabled Youth, Racial Harmony, and Scouting
Philip L. Reed
Chicago, Illinois
Business Executive; Scouter; Member, Advisory Council
Edward Vernon Rickenbacker
New York, New York
Aviation Pioneer; Executive; Wartime Ace of Aces; Scouter
Arthur Herbert Tennyson Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers
London, England
Chief Scout of the British Empire
Thomas J. Watson
New York, New York
Business Executive; Philanthropist; Educator; Scouter

1945

Francis W. Hatch
Boston, Massachusetts
Publicist; Scouter; Chairman, Boys' Life Committee
Amory Houghton
Corning, New York
Manufacturer; Philanthropist; Vice President, Boy Scouts of America
Paul W. Litchfield
Akron, Ohio
Industrialist; Developed First Air Scout Squadron
Earl C. Sams
New York, New York
Merchant; Philanthropist; Chairman, Business Division Committee

1946

John M. Bierer
Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts
Business Executive; Scouter
William J. Campbell
Chicago, Illinois
Jurist; Promoter of Scouting for Catholic Boys
Walter E. Disney
Beverly Hills, California
Cinema Executive; Creator of Mickey Mouse
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Denison, Texas
General of the Army; Supreme Commander of Allied Expeditionary Forces inEurope
Raymond F. Low
Omaha, Nebraska
Business Executive; Scouter; Sea Scouting Enthusiast
Wheeler McMillen
Trenton, New Jersey
Journalist; Editor; Advocate of Rural Scouting
Chester William Nimitz
Fredericksburg, Texas
Chief of Naval Operations; United States Signator to Japanese SurrenderTreaty
Vilhjalmur Stefansson
New York, New York
Arctic Explorer; Author; Scouter
Frank L. Weil
New York, New York
Lawyer; Scouter; Cofounder, United Service Organizations

1947

Bernard M. Baruch
Camden, South Carolina
Economist; Philanthropist; Patriot
Manuel Camus
Manila, Philippines
Statesman; Jurist; President, Boy Scouts of the Philippines
Cleveland E. Dodge
New York, New York
Financier; Philanthropist; Chairman, International Board of the YMCA
Perrin C. Galpin
New York, New York
Educator; Scouter; Child-Health Advocate
William H. Pouch
New York, New York
Industrialist; Scouter; Civic Leader
Paul A. Siple
Arlington, Virginia
Geographer; Explorer; Author; Member, First Byrd Antarctic Expedition
Francis Cardinal Spellman
New York, New York
Archbishop of New York; Author; Patriot
R. Douglas Stuart
Chicago, Illinois
Manufacturer; Pioneer Scouter; Friend to Youth

1948

Irving Berlin
New York, New York
Composer of "God Bless America"
Belmore Browne
Ross, California
Artist; Explorer; Cold-Weather Camping Expert
Cherry Logan Emerson
Atlanta, Georgia
Engineer; Educator; Servant of Youth
Reuben Brooks Hale
San Francisco, California
Merchant; Civic Leader; Advocate of Senior Scouting
Robert F. Payne
New York, New York
Educator; Author; Scouter
Lord Rowallan
Ayrshire, Scotland
Chief Scout of British Commonwealth and Empire
Wade Warren Thayer
Honolulu, Hawaii
Attorney; Author; Exponent of Hawaiian Scouting

1949

David W. Armstrong
New York, New York
Executive Director, Boys' Clubs of America
Sheldon Clark
Chicago, Illinois
Business Executive; National Sea Scout Commodore
Richard J. Cushing
Boston, Massachusetts
Archbishop of Boston; Lecturer; Author; Civic Leader; Head of All YouthWork of Catholic Church in United States of America
W.V.M. Fawcett
Boston, Massachusetts
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
Charles R. Hook
Middletown, Ohio
Industrialist; Advocate of Junior Achievement; Scouter
Luther A. Weigle
New Haven, Connecticut
Educator; Dean; Bible Scholar; Pioneer Scouter

1950

Harry Messiter Addinsell
New York, New York Financier; Church Worker; Treasurer, Boy Scouts of America
Kenneth K. Bechtel
San Francisco, California
Business Executive; Vice President, Boy Scouts of America
Charles Franklin Kettering
Dayton, Ohio
Engineer; Manufacturer; Philanthropist; Innovator
Irving Langmuir
Schenectady, New York
Nobel Prize-Winning Scientist; Pioneer Scouter
Byrnes MacDonald
New York, New York
Business Executive; Worker for Underprivileged Youth
Owen J. Roberts
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jurist; Public Servant; Scouter
Arthur A. Schuck
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Chief Scout Executive, Boy Scouts of America
Lowell Thomas
Pawling, New York
Explorer; Author; News Commentator; Scouter
Harry S. Truman
Independence, Missouri
33rd President, United States of America
Milburn Lincoln Wilson
Washington, D.C.
National Director, 4-H Clubs; Scouter

1951

Ralph J. Bunche
Jamaica, New York
Educator; Nobel Peace Prize Winner; Scouter
James Lippitt Clark
New York, New York
Explorer; Author; Sculptor; Conservationist; Scouter
James H. Douglas Jr.
Chicago, Illinois
Attorney; Public Servant; Scouter
Edgar Albert Guest
Detroit, Michigan
Writer; Poet; Boys' Club Official; Friend to Youth
Raymond W. Miller
Washington, D.C.
Publicist; Scouter; Advocate of Rural Scouting
Henry Smith Richardson
Greensboro, North Carolina
Manufacturing Chemist; Scouter
D.C. Spry
Ottawa, Canada
Chief Executive Commissioner, Canadian General Council of the Boy ScoutsAssociation
Jack P. Whitaker
Kansas City, Missouri
Manufacturer; Scouter; President, American Humanics Foundation

1952

Julius Ochs Adler
New York, New York
Journalist; Patriot; Veteran Scouter
Roy Chapman Andrews
New York, New York
Explorer; Zoologist; Museum Director; Author
Frank Learoyd Boyden
Deerfield, Massachusetts
Teacher; Headmaster; Friend to Youth
Harmar D. Denny
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Attorney; Congressman; Scouter
Gale F. Johnston
St. Louis, Missouri
Banker; Civic Leader; Philanthropist; Scouter
Carlos P. Romulo
Washington, D.C.
Author; Soldier; Diplomat; Cofounder, Boy Scouts of the Philippines
Louis John Taber
Columbus, Ohio
Farmer; Granger; Exponent of Rural Scouting; Scouter

1953

Alton Fletcher Baker
Eugene, Oregon
Journalist; Publisher; Civic Leader; Scouter
Henry B. Grandin
San Marino, California
Business Executive; Scouter; Host to Third National Scout Jamboree
Ross L. Leffler
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Charles Francis McCahill
Cleveland, Ohio
Newspaper Executive; Philanthropist; Scouter
David O. McKay
Salt Lake City, Utah
President, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

1954

William H. Albers
Cincinnati, Ohio
Business Executive; Philanthropist; Scouter
Ellsworth Hunt Augustus
Cleveland, Ohio
Banker; Civic Leader; Scouter
Ezra Taft Benson
Salt Lake City, Utah
Secretary of Agriculture; Church Leader; Scouter
Philip David Bookstaber
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Rabbi; Scholar; Exponent of Scouting for Jewish Boys
Norton Clapp
Seattle, Washington
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
J.M.T. Finney Jr.
Baltimore, Maryland
Surgeon; Church Worker; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Richard Oliver Gerow
Natchez, Mississippi
Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi; Scouter
Edward Urner Goodman
Bondville, Vermont
Church Executive; Pioneer Scouter; Founder, Order of the Arrow
George Lloyd Murphy
Beverly Hills, California
Producer; Actor; Publicist; Scouter
Nathan Marvin Ohrbach
New York, New York
Business Executive; Philanthropist; Scouter
Dewitt Wallace
Pleasantville, New York
Magazine Founder; Editor; Publisher; Philanthropist

1955

Charles Dana Bennett
Addison, Vermont
Author; Rural Consultant; Publicist; Scouter
Rex Ivan Brown
Jackson, Mississippi
Utility Executive; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
William Durant Campbell
New York, New York
Naturalist; World Traveler; Eagle Scout; Scouter
Francis John Chesterman
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Utilities Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
Leonard Kimball Firestone
Los Angeles, California
Industrialist; Church Worker; Civic Leader; Scouter
Charles William Froessel
Jamaica, New York
Jurist; Church Worker; Civic Leader; Scouter
Robert Tyre Jones Jr.
Atlanta, Georgia
Attorney; Business Executive; Sportsman; Champion Athlete
Lewis Edward Phillips
Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Manufacturer; Philanthropist; Scouter
Frank Chambless
Rand Jr.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Business Executive; Publisher; Civic Leader; Scouter
Thomas John Watson Jr.
New York, New York
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Philanthropist; Scouter

1956

Ivan Allen Jr.
Atlanta, Georgia
Executive; Banker; Engineer; Civic Leader; Scouter
Gerald F. Beal
New York, New York
Banker; Financier; Cultural and Civic Leader; Scouter
Daniel W. Bell
Washington, D.C.
Banker; Public Servant; Community Leader; Scouter
Hugh Moss Comer
Sylacauga, Alabama
Textile Manufacturer; Philanthropist; Scouter
Walter Francis Dillingham
Honolulu, Hawaii
Executive; Builder; Philanthropist; Statesman; Scouter
Whitney Haskins Eastman
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Business Executive; Engineer; Scientist; Scouter
William Harrison Fetridge
Chicago, Illinois
Editor; Publisher; Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
William Jansen
New York, New York
Educator; Author; Church Worker; Administrator; Scouter
Guy Lee Noble
Chicago, Illinois
National 4-H Club Executive; Humanitarian
Harry Lloyd Schaeffer
St. Louis, Missouri
Railroad Executive; Scouter
Henry Frederick Schricker
Knox, Indiana
Statesman; Banker; Editor; Pioneer Scouter
Harold Edward Stassen
St. Paul, Minnesota
Educator; Humanitarian; Statesman; Author; Scouter
Edwin Joel Thomas
Akron, Ohio
Industrialist; Civic Leader; Humanitarian; Scouter

1957

Harold Roe Bartle
Kansas City, Missouri
Attorney; Civic Leader; Humanitarian; Scouter
Brooks Hays
Washington, D.C.
Congressman; Lawyer; Humanitarian; Scouter
Walter David Heller
San Francisco, California
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Philanthropist; Scouter
Henry Cabot Lodge
Beverly, Massachusetts
Journalist; National and International Statesman
Abram Leon Sachar
Waltham, Massachusetts
Educator; Author; Historian; University President
Herman Lee Turner
Atlanta, Georgia
Clergyman; Humanitarian; Civic Leader; Scouter
Kenneth Dale Wells
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
Economist; Educator; President, Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge

1958

Robert Bernerd Anderson
Washington, D.C.
Secretary of the Treasury; Lawyer; Educator; Scouter
John Hopkinson Baker
New York, New York
Conservation Executive; Governmental Adviser
Hubert Hardison Coffield
Rockdale, Texas
Industrialist; Rancher; Church Worker; Humanitarian; Scouter
Nathan Dauby
Cleveland, Ohio
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Philanthropist; Scouter
Jackson Dodds
Montreal, Canada
Banker; Scouter; Recipient of Silver Wolf and Bronze Wolf Awards
John Randolph Donnell
Findlay, Ohio
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
Robert Newcomb Gibson
East Lansing, Michigan
Business Executive; Lumberman; Scouter
Frank Brittain Kennedy
Cohasset, Massachusetts
Investment Dealer; Church Worker; Executive; Scouter
Edward Leroy Kohnle
Dayton, Ohio
Business Executive; Church Worker; Cultural Leader; Scouter
Sol George Levy
Seattle, Washington
Import-Export Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
John Norton Lord
Detroit, Michigan
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
James Maitland Stewart
Beverly Hills, California
Actor; Combat Aviator; Scouter

1959

Milo William Bekins
Los Angeles, California
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
George Michael Dowd
Franklin, Massachusetts
Clergyman; Domestic Prelate; Youth Leader; Scout Chaplain
Irving J. Feist
Newark, New Jersey
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Roger Stanley Firestone
Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Manufacturing Executive; Humanitarian; Scouter
Bob Hope
Beverly Hills, California
Cinema, Radio, and Television Comedian; Humanitarian
Jeffrey Louis Lazarus
Cincinnati, Ohio
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Walter Lee Lingle Jr.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
George Magar Mardikian
San Francisco, California
Restaurateur; Author; Philanthropist; Scouter
Pliny Hunnicut Powers
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Educator; Deputy Chief Scout Executive, Boy Scouts of America
Charles Dudley Pratt
Honolulu, Hawaii
Attorney; Civic Leader; Pioneer Scouter
Joseph Frederic Wiese
Coatesville, Pennsylvania
Industrial Executive; Community Leader; Veteran Scouter

1960

Joe C. Carrington
Austin, Texas
Insurance Executive; Rancher; Church Worker; Youth Worker; Scouter
Thomas Campbell Clark
Washington, D.C.
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court; Humanitarian; Veteran Scouter
James Thomas Griffin
Cleveland, Ohio
Business Executive; Humanitarian; Church Worker; Scouter
Alfred M. Gruenther
Washington, D.C.
President, American National Red Cross; Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 1953-56; Scouter
Roy Edward Larson
New York, New York
Publishing Executive; Civic Leader; Humanitarian
Robert John Lloyd
Tacoma, Washington
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Alexander White Moffat
Beverly Farms, Massachusetts
Business Executive; Yachtsman; Author; Scouter
Clifford A. Randall
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Lawyer; Executive; Humanitarian; Past President, Rotary International
Norman Salit
Lawrence, New York
Rabbi; Attorney; Humanitarian; Veteran Scouter

1961

Wyeth Allen
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Educator; Community Leader; Scouter
Carl Otto Janus
Indianapolis, Indiana
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Richard E. McArdle
Washington, D.C.
Educator; Public Servant; Conservationist; Scouter
Charles B. McCabe Jr.
New York, New York
Publisher; Broadcasting Executive; Veteran Scouter
Lauris Norstad
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SHAPE); Promulgator of Scouting
William T. Spanton
Washington, D.C.
Cofounder, Future Farmers of America; Scouter
Delbert Leon Stapley
Phoenix, Arizona
Business Executive; Church Leader; Veteran Scouter
Charles M. White
Cleveland, Ohio
Industrialist; Civic Leader; Youth Worker; Scouter
Robert E. Wood
Chicago, Illinois
Retired Army General;
Business Executive; Philanthropist; Veteran Scouter

1962

Bruce Cooper Clarke
Adams, New York
Commander in Chief, United States Army, Europe; Veteran Scouter
Zenon Clayton Raymond Hansen
Lansing, Michigan
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Eagle Scout; Scouter
Carl Hayden
Phoenix, Arizona
Member, United States Senate; Veteran Scouter
Wayne Andrew Johnston
Chicago, Illinois
Railroad Executive; Humanitarian; Longtime Scouter
Thomas J. Keane
Forest Hills, New York
Naval Officer in Two World Wars; Veteran Scouter
John Cook Parish
St. Paul, Minnesota
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
John Thurman
Gilwell Park, England
Camp Chief of Gilwell Park; Recipient of Silver Wolf and Bronze Wolf Awards
Carl Vinson
Milledgeville, Georgia
Member, United States House of Representatives; Friend of Scouting
Clarence E. Williams
Woodward, Oklahoma
Physician; Surgeon; Jamboree Medical Officer; Scouter

1963

Erwin Dain Canham
Boston, Massachusetts
Editor; Author; Broadcasting Commentator; Humanitarian
L. Osmond Crosby
Picayune, Mississippi
Industrialist; Community Leader; Scouter
Herold C. Hunt
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Educator; Author; Consultant; Scouter
Walter H. Judd
Washington, D.C.
Statesman; Missionary; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
John T. Kimball
New York, New York
Utilities Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
Harold B. Lee
Salt Lake City, Utah
Business Executive; Educator; Church Official; Scouter
Douglas MacArthur
New York, New York
Corporation Chairman; General of the Army; Recipient of Congressional Medal of Honor
Jack C. Vowell
El Paso, Texas
Business Executive; Engineer; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Frederick M. Warburg
New York, New York
Banker; Philanthropist; Worker for Youth; Scouter

1964

A. Frank Bray
Martinez, California
Jurist; Civic Leader; Friend to Youth; Scouter
Albert L. Cole
Greenwich, Connecticut
Publisher; President, Boys' Clubs of America; Philanthropist
Lyndon B. Johnson
Johnson City, Texas
36th President, United States of America
Ralph W. McCreary
Indiana, Pennsylvania
Industrialist; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Robert Moses
New York, New York
Public Servant; Builder; Friend to Youth; Scouter
Ephraim Laurence Palmer
Ithaca, New York
Educator; Author; Conservationist; Veteran Scouter
Thomas F. Patton
Cleveland, Ohio
International Industrialist; Civic Leader; Scouter
Gilbert R. Pirrung
Bainbridge, Georgia
Agriculturist; Church Worker; World Scouter
Howard Tellepsen
Houston, Texas
Business Leader; Church Worker; Scouter

1965

Irving Ben Cooper
New York, New York
Jurist; Humanitarian; Friend to Youth
Austin T. Cushman
Chicago, Illinois
Merchandising Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Harry J. Delaney
New York, New York
Business Leader; Church Worker; Scouter
Royal Firman Jr.
Cleveland, Ohio
Business, Cultural, Community, and Church Leader; Scouter
John H. Glenn Jr.
Houston, Texas
Colonel, United States Marine Corps (Ret.); Astronaut; Scouter
Harry J. Johnson
New York, New York
Physician; Educator; Administrator; Scouter
Harry G. McGavran
Quincy, Illinois
Surgeon; Community Leader; Humanitarian; Scouter
David Sarnoff
New York, New York
Industrialist; Communications Expert; Veteran Scouter
Jo. S. Stong
Keosauqua, Iowa
Community Leader; Scouting Enthusiast
Gustavo J. Vollmer
Caracas, Venezuela
Engineer; Venezuelan and World Scouter

1966

Richard W. Darrow
Scarsdale, New York
Publicist; Civic Leader; Eagle Scout; Scouter
John Henry Fischer
New York, New York
Educator; Civic Leader; Eagle Scout; Scouter
Charles Zachary Hardwick
Findlay, Ohio
Business Executive; Humanitarian; Scouter
Lewis Blaine Hershey
Washington, D.C.
Lieutenant General, United States Army; Director, Selective Service; Scouter
Basil O'Connor
New York, New York
Lawyer; Public Servant; Humanitarian; Friend to Youth
Philip Henry Powers
Greensburg, Pennsylvania
Engineer; Educator; Pioneer Scouter

1967

Paul G. Benedum
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Sterling B. Doughty
Sacramento, California
Financial and Management Consultant; World Scouter
Harold Keith Johnson
Washington, D.C.
Chief of Staff, United States Army; Educator; Scouter
Otto Kerner
Springfield, Illinois
Governor of the State of Illinois; Scouter
Clarence "Biggie" Munn
Lansing, Michigan
Athletic Director; Coach; Friend of Youth; Scouter
Crawford Rainwater
Pensacola, Florida
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Vittz-James Ramsdell
Portland, Oregon
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
Howard A. Rusk
New York, New York
Physician; Educator; Innovator; Humanitarian
Dwight J. Thomson
Cincinnati, Ohio
Business Leader; Veteran Scouter; World Scouter
William C. Westmoreland
Washington, D.C.
Commander, United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam; CG, United States Army, Vietnam; Eagle Scout; Scouter

1968

John Cardinal Cody
Chicago, Illinois
Archbishop of Chicago; Recipient of the Silver Beaver Award; Scouter
John G. Detwiler
Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Industrialist; Church Worker; Recipient of the Silver Beaver and SilverAntelope Awards; National Executive Board Member
Robert T. Gray
Prospect, Ohio
Physician; Eagle Scout; Medical Officer at Many National and World Jamborees
Arthur Z. Hirsch
Santa Barbara, California
Veteran Scouter; Recipient of the Silver Beaver and Silver Antelope Awards
John F. Lott
Lubbock, Texas
Rancher; World Scouter; Recipient of the Silver Beaver and Silver Antelope Awards
William L. Schloss
Indianapolis, Indiana
Banker; Community Leader; Recipient of the Silver Beaver Award
James E. Webb
Washington, D.C.
Lawyer; Businessman; Diplomat; Educator; Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

1969

John M. Budd
St. Paul, Minnesota
Executive; Champion of Youth; Scouter
Arleigh Burke
Washington, D.C.
Military Leader; Patriot; Scouter
James F. Burshears
La Junta, Colorado
Scouter
M. Scott Carpenter
Houston, Texas
Aquanaut; Astronaut; Friend of Scouting
Vincent T. Lombardi
Washington, D.C.
Professional Football General Manager; Friend of Youth
John W.H. Miner
Quebec, Canada
Manufacturer; Community Leader; World Scouter
James E. Patrick
Phoenix, Arizona
Banker; Community Leader; Scouter
Robert W. Reneker
Chicago, Illinois
Executive; Humanitarian; Scouter
John W. Starr
Kansas City, Missouri
Executive; Scouter
N. Eldon Tanner
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Worker; Executive; Veteran Scouter

1970

Neil A. Armstrong
El Lago, Texas
Astronaut; First Man to Walk on the Moon
Francisco Bueso
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Chamber of Commerce Director; Champion of Scouting
Antonio C. Delgado
Manila, Philippines
Business Executive; World Scouter
Laurence C. Jones
Piney Woods, Mississippi
Educator; Author; Servant of Youth
Aryeh Lev
New York, New York
Rabbi; Chaplain; Scouter
Leo Perlis
Washington, D.C.
Organized Labor Official; Humanitarian; Friend of Scouting
Bryan S. Reid Jr.
Chicago, Illinois
Investment Banker; Community Leader; Scouter
William H. Spurgeon III
Santa Ana, California
Children's Hospital Executive; Father of Special-Interest Exploring

1971

William G. Connare
Greensburg, Pennsylvania
Bishop; Scouter; Champion of Scouting
Elbert R. Curtis
Salt Lake City, Utah
Executive; Community and Church Leader; Veteran Scouter
Thomas Stephens Haggai
High Point, North Carolina
Gifted Public Speaker; Ordained Minister; Patriot; Scouter
August F. Hook
Indianapolis, Indiana
Business Executive; Community Leader; Scouter
William R. Jackson
Sewickley, Pennsylvania
Executive; Friend of Youth; Scouter
Fred C. Mills
Aptos, California
Retired Director, Health and Safety Service, Boy Scouts of America
Arch Monson Jr.
San Francisco, California
Patron of the Arts; Humanitarian; Executive
Richard Milhous Nixon
Washington, D.C.
37th President, United States of America
Leon Howard Sullivan
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Humanitarian; Peoples' Champion

1972

Louis R. Bruce Jr.
Washington, D.C.
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs; Champion of Scouting
Harvey C. Christen
Burbank, California
Aircraft Company Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
Louis G. Feil
Chipita Park, Colorado
Consulting Engineer; Promoter of Camping and Order of the Arrow
Edwin H. Gott
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Corporate Executive; Community Leader; Promoter of Exploring
Donald P. Hammond
Monticello, New York
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Scouting Enthusiast
Albert M. Jongeneel
Rio Vista, California
Retired Rancher; Scouter
Arthur L. Jung Jr.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Business Executive; Servant of Youth; International Scouter
Prime F. Osborn III
Jacksonville, Florida
Company President; Friend of Youth; Scouting Advocate
George W. Pirtle
Tyler, Texas
Consulting Geologist; Independent Oil Producer; Philanthropist; Benefactor of Scouting
Penn W. Zeigler
Cincinnati, Ohio
Business Executive; Humanitarian; Veteran Scouter

1973

Ernest Banks
Chicago, Illinois
Baseball Player; Scouter
Joseph A. Brunton Jr.
Matawan, New Jersey
Servant of Youth; Former Chief Scout Executive
Victor T. Ehre
Utica, New York
Company President; Community Leader; Scouter
Donald H. Flanders
Fort Smith, Arkansas
Company Founder and President; Distinguished Scouter
E.K. Jamison
Atlanta, Georgia
Company President; Scouter
Max I. Silber
Nashua, New Hampshire
Company President; Scouter; Benefactor of Students
Osborne K. Taylor
Montclair, New Jersey
Retired Corporate Executive; Veteran Scoutmaster; Champion of Scouting
J. Kimball Whitney
Wayzata, Minnesota
Company President, Friend of Youth; Veteran Scouter

1974

Stephen A. Derby
Honolulu, Hawaii
Retired Banker; Civic Leader; Scouter
James E. Johnson
Los Angeles, California
Corporate Board Chairman; Former Assistant Secretary of the Navy; Distinguished Scouter
Allen W. Mathis Jr.
Montgomery, Alabama
Company Board Chairman; Civic Leader; Scouter
James R. Neidhoefer
Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
Company President; Distinguished Scouter; Veteran Scoutmaster
Melvin B. Neisner
Rochester, New York
Company President; Community Leader; Scouter
William H. Quasha
Manila, Philippines
Attorney; International Scouter and Scoutmaster
John K. Sloan
Los Angeles, California
Attorney; Advocate of Youth; Scouter
Herman Stern
Valley City, North Dakota
Merchant; Humanitarian; Veteran Scouter
Leif J. Sverdrup
St. Louis, Missouri
Industrialist; Engineer; Scouter
Wallace E. Wilson
Detroit, Michigan
Corporate Vice President; Friend of Youth; Scouter

1975

Gerald R. Ford
Washington, D.C.
38th President, United States of America

1976

John T. Acree Jr.
Louisville, Kentucky
Company Board Chairman; Civic Leader; Scouter
Perry R. Bass
Fort Worth, Texas
Corporate Chairman and President; Community Benefactor; Distinguished Scouter
Milton Caniff
Palm Springs, California
Cartoonist; Humanitarian; Friend of Scouting
Arthur H. Cromb
Mission Hills, Kansas
Company President; University Alumni Leader; Scouter
Thomas F. Hawkins
River Forest, Illinois
University Vice President; Scouter
Elizabeth G. Knight
Waite Hill, Ohio
Philanthropist; Benefactor of Scouting
Joseph W. Marshall
Twin Falls, Idaho
Retired Physician and Surgeon; Church Worker; Scouter
Louis W. Menk
South St. Paul, Minnesota
Company Board Chairman; Transportation Industry Leader; Scouter
Max S. Norris
Indianapolis, Indiana
Physician; Businessman; Scouter
LaVern Watts Parmley
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Worker; Benefactor of Children; Cub Scouting Advocate
Simon Rositzky
St. Joseph, Missouri
Company President; Conservationist; American Humanics Chairman
Lester R. Steig
San Francisco, California
Educator; Author; Proponent of Scouting

1978

L. Jadwin Asfeld
West St. Paul, Minnesota
Company President; Red Cross Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Jimmy Carter
Washington, D.C.
39th President, United States of America; Defender of Human Rights; Friend of Youth
Alec Chesser
Houston, Texas
Corporate Leader; Man of Stature; Scouter
Dorothy Feist
New York, New York
Humanitarian; Philanthropist; Scouting First Lady
Roy W. Jordan
St. Louis, Missouri
Civil Leader; Scouter
Richard W. Kiefer
Baltimore, Maryland
Attorney; Church Worker; Scouter
Katsumi Kometani
Honolulu, Hawaii
Dentist; Scouter; Advocate of Youth
Thomas S. Monson
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader; Noted Speaker; Scouter
John D. Murchison
Dallas, Texas
Partner, Murchison Brothers; Civic Leader; Scouting Proponent
John D. Schapiro
Baltimore, Maryland
International Sportsman; Businessman; Scouter
Forrest N. Shumway
Los Angeles, California
Corporate Executive; Friend of Youth; Veteran Scouter
Bland W. Worley
Charlotte, North Carolina
Corporate Executive; Civic Servant; Scouter

1980

Charles T. Clayton
Birmingham, Alabama
Executive; Civic Leader; Scouter
William P. Clements Jr.
Dallas, Texas
Governor of Texas; Executive; Distinguished Scouter
Frank W. Gay
Encino, California
Business Executive; Church Worker; Scouter
Thomas F. Gilbane
Providence, Rhode Island
Builder; Business Leader; Scouter
Milton H. Gray
Chicago, Illinois
Lawyer; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
William Hillcourt
Manlius, New York
"Green Bar Bill," the Voice of Scouting
Downing B. Jenks
St. Louis, Missouri
Corporate Executive; Railroader; President, Boy Scouts of America
Reuben R. Jensen
Detroit, Michigan
Engineer; Corporate Executive; Distinguished Scouter
Sonia S. Maguire
Stamford, Connecticut
Humanitarian; Benefactor of Scouting
J. Willard Marriott
Washington, D.C.
Corporation Founder; Church Worker; Benefactor of Scouting
Archibald McClure
Chicago, Illinois
Executive; Community Servant; Scouter
Henry J. Nave
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Corporate Executive; Sportsman; Scouter
Gene H. Sternberg Sr.
Granite City, Illinois
Executive, Civic Leader; Scouter
Harry Thorsen Jr.
Sarasota, Florida
Founder; Scouts on Stamps Society; International Executive

1982

Rodney H. Brady
Ogden, Utah
Educator; Business Executive; Scouter
Robert W. Briggs
Indianapolis, Indiana
Physician; Community Leader; Scouter
Hugh C. Clayton
Bokeelia, Florida
Architect; Engineer; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Francis A. Coy
Cleveland, Ohio
Business Executive; Community Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Robert H. Gaynor
Bedminster, New Jersey
Businessman; Civic Leader; Scouter
Albert V. Hartl
Bismarck, North Dakota
Business Executive; Distinguished Scouter
Peter W. Hummel
Reno, Nevada
Geologist; Supporter of Higher Education; Scouter
Robert J. LaFortune
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Independent Oil Operator; Civic Leader; Scouter
Arthur G. Linkletter
Beverly Hills, California
TV and Radio Star; Author; Friend of Scouting
Thomas C. MacAvoy
Corning, New York
Business Executive; Community Servant; Scouter
Ann W. Nally
Annandale, Virginia
Community Servant; Scouter
George M. Pardee Jr.
La Jolla, California
Builder; Humanitarian; Veteran Scouter
Ronald Reagan
Santa Barbara, California
40th President, United States of America; Former Governor; Friend to Youth
V.J. Skutt
Omaha, Nebraska
Corporate Executive; Lawyer; Distinguished Scouter
John B. Young
Nassau, Bahamas, and Newark, New Jersey
Bank General Manager; Civic Leader; International Scouter

1984

Henry "Hank" Aaron
Atlanta, Georgia
Baseball Star; Humanitarian; Friend of Scouting
Monsignor Louis P. Barcelo
Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary Santa Fe, New Mexico
Clergyman; Educator; Scouter
John M. Belk
Charlotte, North Carolina
Businessman; Civic Leader; Veteran Scouter
Robert W. Dievendorf
La Crescenta, California
Friend of Disabled Youth; Scouter
Edward C. Joullian III
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Engineer; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Spencer W. Kimball
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader; Teacher; Lifelong Friend of Scouting
D. Loring Marlett
Rancho Palos Verdes, California
Public Servant; Mining, Real Estate, and Oil Executive; Humanitarian
Sanford N. McDonnell
St. Louis, Missouri
Aerospace Leader; Community Servant; Scouter
Charles A. Rahmberg
Peoria, Illinois
Insurance Executive; Distinguished Scouter
Ben Reifel
Estelline, South Dakota
American Indian Leader; Public Servant; Scouter
Thomas L. Tatham
Miami, Florida
Attorney; Civic Leader; Scouter
Rolland M. Wilkening
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Engineer; Community Servant; Scouter

1986

Robert L. Backman
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; Attorney; Scouter
Harry E. Bovay Jr.
Houston, Texas
Executive Consultant; Scouter
J.R. Davidsmeyer
Jacksonville, Illinois
President, Illinois Road Contractors, Inc.; Scouter
Burl Ives
Montecito, California
Folksinger; Songwriter; Actor; Friend of Scouting
Ted L. Johnson
Fremont, Michigan
President, Carajon Chemical Company, Inc.; Scouter
William P. McCahill
Arlington, Virginia
Executive Secretary, President's Committee on Employment for the Handicapped; Scouter
Charles J. Merlin
Hudson Heights, New Jersey
Founder, The Elbeetian Legion; Scouter
Thomas L. Parker
Columbus, Ohio
Retired Chairman of the Board; Big Drum, Inc.; Scouter
Roger Tory Peterson
Old Lyme, Connecticut
Author-Naturalist; Ornithologist; Artist; Friend of Scouting
Charles M. Pigott
Bellevue, Washington
President, PACCAR, Inc.; President, Boy Scouts of America
Betty Pilsbury
New York, New York
President, Girl Scouts of America
Eddie G. Robinson
Lincoln Parish, Louisiana
Football Coach, Grambling State University; Friend to Youth

1988

William Aramony
Alexandria, Virginia
President of United Way of America; Humanitarian; Human-Service Leader
Warren E. Burger
Washington, D.C.
Fifteenth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Teacher; Distinguished Jurist
Daniel W. Derbes
La Jolla, California
Corporate Executive; Distinguished Eagle Scout; Loyal Scouter
Vaughn J. Featherstone
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader; Advocate for Youth; Dedicated Scouter
James F. Gary
Honolulu, Hawaii
International Energy Adviser; Community Leader; Faithful Scouter
John McCullough Gibson
Drumore, Pennsylvania
Civic Leader; Farmer; Dedicated Scouter
Earl G. Graves
New York, New York
Corporate Head; Business Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Marion D. Hanks
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader; Advocate for Youth; Loyal Scouter
Robert F. Harbrant
Washington, D.C.
Labor Leader; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Ben M. Hauserman
Cleveland, Ohio
Retired Business Executive; Community Leader; Faithful Scouter
Roy W. Hawkinson
St. Paul, Minnesota
Company President; Outdoorsman; Dedicated Scouter
Reuben Hitchcock
Keswick, Virginia
Retired Business Executive; Horseman; Devoted Scouter
Andrew Gerow Hodges
Birmingham, Alabama
Retired Insurance Executive; Civic Leader; Dedicated Scouter
William Charles McCord
Dallas, Texas
Corporate Executive; Community Leader; Loyal Scouter
Henry B. Murphy
Trenton, New Jersey
Company President; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Norman Vincent Peale
New York, New York
Distinguished Author; Popular Speaker; Inspiration for Youth
Nancy Davis Reagan
The White House, Washington, D.C.
First Lady; Civic Leader; Crusader for Youth and Against Drugs
Eugene F. "Bud" Reid
Santa Barbara, California
Company President; Petroleum Geologist; Loyal Scouter
Jack B. Riffle
Utica, New York
Insurance Executive; Civic Leader; Loyal Scouter (Posthumous Award)
Charles M. Schulz
Santa Rosa, California
Cartoonist; Creative Artist; Friend of Youth
Marshall M. Sloane
Boston, Massachusetts
Bank President; Community Servant; Dedicated Scouter
John W. Thomas Jr.
High Point, North Carolina
Company President; Civic Leader; Faithful Scouter

1990

Marian Anderson
Danbury, Connecticut
Contralto; Concert Artist; Friend of Youth
Margot Bogert
Bedford Hills, New York
College Administrator; Community Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Houston A. Brice Jr.
Birmingham, Alabama
Builder; Civic Leader; Dedicated Scouter
George Herbert Walker Bush
The White House, Washington, D.C.
Businessman; Senior Public Official; 41st President, United States of America
Albert E. Cahill
Latham, New York
Aquatics Safety Instructor; Writer; Devoted Scouter
Murray L. Cole
Wayne, New Jersey
Attorney; Community Servant; Loyal Scouter
Lester E. Coleman
Wickliffe, Ohio
Corporate Executive; Chemist; Devoted Scouter
John R. Donnell Jr.
Atlanta, Georgia
Independent Investor; Arts Supporter; Faithful Scouter
William B. Elliott
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Human Resources Director; Community Servant; Dedicated Scouter
Hugh Lawson
Hembree III
Fort Smith, Arkansas
Executive; Community Servant; Devoted Scouter
Harold S. Hook
Houston, Texas
Corporate Executive; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Glendon E. Johnson
Miami, Florida
Corporate Executive; Church Leader; Dedicated Scouter
Isidore J. Lamothe Jr.
Marshall, Texas
Physician and Surgeon; Community Leader; Devoted Scouter
Richard H. Leet
Downers Grove, Illinois
Oil Company Executive; Community Servant; Loyal Scouter
Carl M. Marchetti
Ocean, New Jersey
Obstetrician/Gynecologist; Community Servant; Faithful Scouter
William E. Slesnick
Hanover, New Hampshire
Mathematician; Educator; Distinguished Scouter
C. Travis Traylor Jr.
Houston, Texas
Private Investor; Civic Leader; Committed Scouter
William H. Webster
Washington, D.C.
CIA Director; Lawyer; Distinguished Public Servant
Alfred H. Wehr
Edina, Minnesota
Consultant; Community Leader; Dedicated Scouter
John R. Wooden
Los Angeles, California
Former Head Basketball Coach, UCLA; Teacher; Friend of Youth
Dwan Jacobsen Young
Salt Lake City, Utah
Benefactor of Children; Civic Leader; Loyal Scouter

1992

William L. Adams
Fort Worth, Texas
Geologist; Oil Company Executive; Distinguished Scouter
John L. Clendenin
Atlanta, Georgia
Telecommunications Executive; Civic Leader; Loyal Scouter
Glenn A. Cox
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Retired Executive; Education Regent; Dedicated Scouter
Kenneth P. Davis
Alexandria, Virginia
Logistician; Army Reservist; Devoted Scouter
Jacques E. Dubois
Woonsocket, Rhode Island
Businessman; Civic Leader; Outstanding Scouter
Marian Wright Edelman
Washington, D.C.
Children's Advocate; Civil Rights; Leader, Friend of Youth
James A. Hackney III
Washington, North Carolina
Professional Engineer; Executive; Dedicated Scouter
Paul R. Hafer
Boyertown, Pennsylvania
Automotive Engineer; Inventor; Loyal Scouter
Richard C. Halpern
Winnetka, Illinois
Construction Executive; Civil Engineer; Distinguished Scouter
Vivian Harris
New York City, New York
Advocate for the Disabled; Civic Leader; Dynamic Scouter
William A. Hiller
Fayetteville, New York
Farm Cooperative Executive; Community Servant; Able Scouter
James A. Lovell Jr.
Chicago, Illinois
Astronaut; Communications Executive; Distinguished Eagle Scout
William H. Niemann
Glen Rock, New Jersey
Horticulturist; Community Servant; Dedicated Scouter
General Colin L. Powell
Washington, D.C.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Army Officer; Role Model for Youth
Richard N. Ross
Paso Robles, California
Producer; Showman; Dedicated Scouter
Gerald J. Voros
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Communicator; Civic Worker; Devoted Scouter

1993

William H. Gray III
Reston, Virginia
Minister; Legislator; Supporter of Education
George R. Hill III
Salt Lake City, Utah
Educator; Researcher; Dedicated Scouter
Lester G. Jones
Sequim-Dungeness, Washington
Human Resources Consultant; Executive; Loyal Scouter
R. Dan Matkin
Irving, Texas
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Devoted Scouter
R. Richard Rubottom
Dallas, Texas
International Consultant; Diplomat; Dynamic Scouter
G. William Swisher Jr.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Corporate Executive; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter

1994

Thomas T. Anderson
Los Angeles, California
Doctor of Chiropractic; Civic Leader; Loyal Scouter
Norman R. Augustine
Bethesda, Maryland
Aeronautical Engineer; Author; Distinguished Scouter
Richard L. Burdick
San Marcos, Texas
Professional Engineer; Civic Leader; Devoted Scouter
Clarence E. Gaines Sr.
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Educator; Coach; Community Leader
Gordon B. Hinckley
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader; Community Servant; Distinguished Citizen
Richard P. LaRocque
Old Lyme, Connecticut
Clergyman; Volunteer; Dedicated Scouter
J.W. Marriott Jr.
Washington, D.C.
Corporate Executive; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
J. Patrick Ross
Columbus, Ohio
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Dynamic Scouter
Herbert J. Rowe
Naples, Florida
Association Executive; Community Leader; Loyal Scouter

1995

Ronald E. Burton
Boston, Massachusetts
Star Athlete; Popular Speaker; Dedicated Scouter; Civic Leader
Augustus A. Busch III
St. Louis, Missouri
Corporate Executive; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Anderson W. Chandler
Topeka, Kansas
Banker; Civic Leader; Loyal Scouter
Robert A. Cunningham Jr.
Kansas City, Missouri
Business Executive; Devoted Scouter; Community Leader
Jack H. Goaslind
Salt Lake City, Utah
Church Leader; Youth Adviser; Distinguished Scouter
Drew Lewis
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Former United States Secretary of Transportation; Railroad Industry Executive; Public Servant
John S. "Jack" Zink
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Mechanical Engineer; Inventor; Dynamic Scouter

1996

Ted Carlsen
Edina, Minnesota
Company Founder; Community Leader; Dedicated Scouter
John W. Creighton Jr.
Tacoma, Washington
Corporate Executive; Civic Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Michael D. Harris
Palm Springs, California
Attorney; Church Supporter; Devoted Scouter
Frank H. Heckrodt
Appleton, Wisconsin
Retired Executive; Community Servant; Loyal Scouter
Gerard O. Rocque
Silver Creek, New York
Church Leader; Community Volunteer; Dynamic Scouter
Henry A. Rosenberg Jr.
Baltimore, Maryland
Petroleum Industry Executive; Civic Leader; Dedicated Scouter
E.W. "Bud" Wendell
Nashville, Tennessee
Music Industry Executive; Community Leader; Loyal Scouter

1997

Thomas D. Allen
Chicago, Illinois
Attorney; Jamboree Leader; International Scouter
William Jefferson Clinton
The White House, Washington, D.C.
Senior Public Official, 42nd President, United States of America; Attorney; Former Governor of Arkansas
John M. Coughlin
Larchmont, New York
Insurance Executive; Church Leader; Devoted Scouter
Sigfred S. Kagawa
Honolulu, Hawaii
Business Executive; Civic Leader; Dedicated Scouter
Francis H. Olmstead Jr.
Knoxville, Tennessee
Engineer; Community Leader; Distinguished Scouter
Robert H. Reynolds
Indianapolis, Indiana
Attorney; Community Volunteer; Dynamic Scouter
Samuel K. Skinner
Chicago, Illinois
Former United States Secretary of Transportation; Utilities Executive;Loyal Scouter
Evelyn T. Smith
Picayune, Mississippi
Business Executive; Community Leader; Dedicated Scouter
Marvin L. Smith
Houston, Texas
Petroleum Geologist; Civic Leader; Devoted Scouter

1998

John C. Cushman III
Pasadena, California
Real Estate Executive, Civic Leader, Devoted Scouter
Allan D. Fisher
Visalia, California
Health Care Executive, Community Leader, Dynamic Scouter
Vertella "Val" S. Gadsden
New York, New York
Synagogue Leader, Public Speaker, Devoted Scouter
Herbert T. Olson
Irving, Texas
Retired Association Executive, Civic Leader, Devoted Scouter
Edward Allan Pease
Terre Haute, Indiana
U.S. Representative, Youth Advocate, Distinguished Scouter
Elliott "Chope" Phillips
Amarillo, Texas
Rancher, Philanthropist,
Scouting Benefactor
Dr. Ronald J. Temple
Chicago, Illinois
Educator, Administrator, Loyal Scouter
K. Gregory Tucker
Readyville, Tennessee
Retired Attorney, Water Safety Advocate, Dedicated Scouter
Donald R. Watkins
St. Cloud, Minnesota
Business Executive, Community Volunteer, Distinguished Scouter

1999

A. Dano Davis
Jacksonville, Florida
Corporate Executive, Civic Leader, Devoted Scouter
J. Stephen Fossett
Chicago, Illinois
Adventurer, Corporate Executive, Dynamic Scouter
Edward L. Gaylord
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Corporate Executive, Community Servant, Dedicated Scouter
Carlos R. Hamilton Jr., M.D.
Houston, Texas
Physician, Community Servant, Distinguished Scouter
Loren S. Riggins Jr.
Vineland, New Jersey
Business Executive, Community Leader, Dedicated Scouter
Roy S. Roberts
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Corporate Executive, Civic Leader, Loyal Scouter
Janet E. Sharp
Hanford, California      Retired Educator, Community Servant, Dedicated Scouter
Back

BSA

Congressional  Gold Medal Award

The Congressional Gold Medal should not be confused with the Medal of Honor (commonly called the Congressional Medal of Honor), which is also awarded by Congress, but only to military members as the highest military decoration of the United States.

The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government. The decoration is awarded to any individual who performs an outstanding deed or act of service to the security, prosperity, and national interest of the United States of America. The recipient need not be an American citizen.

The Congressional Gold Medal is considered the United States Congress equivalent to the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Both decorations are generally considered to hold the same degree of prestige (though significantly fewer Gold Medals have been awarded), with the difference being that the Freedom Medal is personally awarded by the President of the United States and the Congressional Gold Medal is awarded in the name of the U.S. Congress.

Per committee rules, legislation bestowing the Congressional Gold Medal to a recipient must be co-sponsored by two thirds of the membership of both the House of Representatives and the Senate before their respective committees will consider it.

The Congressional Gold Medal is created by the United States Mint to specifically commemorate the person and achievement for which the medal is awarded. Each medal is therefore different in appearance and there is no standard design for the Congressional Gold Medal. The Congressional Gold Medal is also considered "non-portable", meaning that the medal is not meant to be worn on a uniform or other clothing, but rather displayed much like a trophy.

The Congressional Gold Medal is a completely separate decoration from the Medal of Honor which is a military award for extreme bravery in action. Another similarly named decoration is the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, presented by NASA for extreme accomplishment to the mission of United States space exploration.

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E

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G

G cont.

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

P cont.

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Pulitzer Prize for Music

Composers who have won the Pulitzer Prize for Music, given for a distinguished musical contribution by an American that had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year.

A

B

C

D

G

H

H cont.

I

K

L

M

P

R

R cont.

S

T

W

Z

National Medal of Arts

The National Medal of Arts is an award and title bestowed on selected honorees by the National Endowment for the Arts. Ceremoniously given by the President of the United States, it is the highest honor given to an individual artist by the national government on behalf of the people. The award is not restricted to a particular art.

The National Medal of Arts was established by Congress in 1984, upon the recommendation of President Ronald Reagan and the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts. The Congress authorized the President to award no more than 12 medals each year.

Traditionally twelve medals are awarded each year, but in 1997 only eleven were awarded, as poet Adrienne Rich refused the medal because of "the cynical politics of the Clinton administration."

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989


[edit] 1990s

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999


[edit] 2000s

2000

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2006


 

Légion d'honneur Award
 
The Légion d'honneur is the highest order of France

"Legion of Honor" redirects here. For other uses, see Legion of Honor (disambiguation).

Chiang Kai-shek's Légion d'honneur. This is the reverse of his Grand Cross.
Chiang Kai-shek's Légion d'honneur. This is the reverse of his Grand Cross.

The Légion d'honneur (officially Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur)[1] is a French order established by Napoléon Bonaparte, First Consul of the First Republic, on May 19, 1802. It is the premier order of France, and its award is therefore considered a great distinction, and the possible French equivalent of the British Victoria Cross and George Cross rolled into one. The order’s motto is Honneur et Patrie ("Honour and Fatherland"), and its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur on the Left Bank of the River Seine in Paris.

 

History

The Republic

Napoleon, as emperor, always wore the cross and Grand Eagle of the Légion d'Honneur.
Napoleon, as emperor, always wore the cross and Grand Eagle of the Légion d'Honneur.

In the French Revolution all the Orders of the kingdom were abolished. Napoleon, the First Consul, felt the need for a reward to commend both civilians and soldiers and instituted a Légion d'Honneur, a body of men (women were first allowed in the legion in 1852 by President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the later Napoleon III) that was not an order of chivalry. The Légion did and does however show all the characteristics of an Order of Chivalry. Napoleon, in 1802 still a revolutionary, loathed orders of knighthood.

The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman Legion, with légionnaires (soldiers) officers, commandants and a grand council; and the Emperor angrily rebuked anyone who called this institution an order. The highest rank was not a grand cross but a grand aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously:

  • 5,000 francs to a grand officier,
  • 2,000 francs to a commandant,
  • 1,000 francs to an officier,
  • And 250 francs to a légionnaire.

According to some sources Napoleon declared: On appelle ça des hochets, je sais, on l'a dit déjà. Et bien, j'ai répondu que c'est avec des hochets que l'on mène les hommes. — "We call these children's toys, I know, it's been said already. Well, I replied that it's with such toys that one leads men." (The French word hochet means a child's rattle). This has been often quoted as "It is with such baubles that men are led."

The order was the first modern order of merit. The orders of the monarchy were often limited to Catholics and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perk of the officers. The légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions. Only merit or bravery counted.

It is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the legion has five arms.

The Empire

Napoléon Bonaparte, First Consul of the French Republic, awarded some of the first Légions d'honneur' on August 16, 1804 at the camp of Boulogne.
Napoléon Bonaparte, First Consul of the French Republic, awarded some of the first Légions d'honneur' on August 16, 1804 at the camp of Boulogne.

In a decree issued on the 10th Pluviose XIII (January 30, 1805) a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a large sash and a silver star with an eagle became known as the Grand Aigle, and later in 1814 as the grand cordon (French for "Large sash").

Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his kinsmen and the highest of his ministers. This collar was abolished in 1815.

Although research is made difficult by the loss of the archives, it is known that three women who fought with the army were decorated with the order: Anne Biget (a nun), Virginie Ghesquière, and Marie-Jeanne Schelling.

The Légion d'honneur was prominent and visible in the empire. The Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time. The king of Sweden therefore refused the order; it was too common in his eyes. Napoleon's own decorations were captured by the Prussians and were displayed in the Zeughaus (arms repository) in Berlin till 1945. Today, they are in Moscow.

The Restoration of the Bourbon Kings in 1814

King Louis XVIII changed the appearance of the order, but it was not abolished. This would have angered the 35-38,000 members. The images of Napoleon and his eagle were removed and replaced by the image of Henri IV, the popular first king of the Bourbon line. Three Bourbon Lillies (fleur-de-lys) replaced the eagle on the reverse of the order. A king's crown replaced the imperial crown. In 1816 the grand eagles were renamed grand crosses and the legionnaires became knights. The king decreed that the commandants were now commanders. The legion was the second order of knighthood of the French monarchy, after the Order of the Holy Spirit.

The July-monarchy

Louis Philippe, King of the French, wearing the sash of the order.
Louis Philippe, King of the French, wearing the sash of the order.

France's first constitutional monarch, King Louis-Philippe of the House of Orleans restored the order of the Légion d'honneur in 1830 as the paramount decoration of the French Nation. The insignia were drastically altered. The cross now displayed tricolor flags. Louis Philippe abolished the other orders of the monarchy. In 1847 there were 47,000 members.

The Second Republic

Yet another revolt in Paris (1848) brought a new republic and a new design to the Légion d'honneur.

A nephew of the founder, Prince Napoléon was elected president and he restored the image of his uncle on the crosses of the order. In 1852 the first woman, an old revolutionary of the 1789 uprising against the absolute monarchy, was admitted into the order. A true Bonaparte, President Napoleon staged a coup d'état and made himself emperor of the French in 1852.

The Second Empire

An Imperial crown was added. During Napoleon III's reign the first American was admitted — Dr. Thomas Wiltberger Evans, dentist of Napoleon III. Angélique Duchemin was the first documented female knight.

The Third Republic

In 1870 a smashing defeat of the army in the Franco-Prussian war brought another republic. As France changed, the Légion d'honneur changed as well. The crown was replaced by a laurel and oak wreath. In 1871, during the Paris Commune, the Hôtel de Salm, headquarter of the Légion, was burned to the ground in street fighting; the archives of the order were lost.

During the First World War some 55,000 decorations were conferred, 20,000 of them to foreigners.

Current organization and officers

President Georges Pompidou wearing the Grand Cross and the Grand Master's Collar.
President Georges Pompidou wearing the Grand Cross and the Grand Master's Collar.

The President of France is the Grand Master of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order — by convention, on the advice of the Government. Its principal officers are the Chancellor and Secretary-General.

Current officers of the Order include:

Frenchmen are always received in the order to the class of knight. To be promoted to a higher class, one must prove new services to France and a set number of years must pass between appointment and promotion. The only exception is the President of the Republic, who is made a grand cross de jure upon his accession to the presidency. Foreigners are not received in the order; instead they are decorated with the insignia of the légion. A foreigner can be decorated directly with the insignia of a higher class. Foreign Heads of State and the wives or consorts of monarchs are made grand cross as a courtesy.

The order is conferred upon men and women, either French citizens or foreigners, for outstanding achievements (mérites éminents) in military or civil life. In practice, in current usage, the order is conferred, in addition to military recipients, to many entrepreneurs, high-level civil servants, sport champions as well as other people with high connections in the executive. The members of the french Parliament cannot receive the order, except for valor in war, and ministers are not allowed to nominate their accountants.

The Order has a maximum quota of 75 Grand Cross, 250 Grand Officers, 1,250 Commanders, 10,000 Officers and 113,425 (ordinary) Knights. As of 2000 the actual membership was 61 Grand Cross, 321 Grand Officers, 3,626 Commanders, 22,401 Officers and 87,371 Knights.

It is a popular joke that half of France wants the order and the other half already owns it, but in reality most people have to content themselves with the less prestigious "National Order of Merit" awarded for "distinguished services".

Appointments of veterans of World War II, French military personnel involved in the North African Campaign and other foreign French military operations, as well as wounded soldiers, are made independently of the quota.

In 1998, all surviving veterans of World War I from any allied country who had fought on French soil were made Knights of the Légion if they were not so already, as part of the commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the war's end. In December 2004, on the occasion of his 110th birthday, France's oldest surviving veteran of the war, Franklin Flocquet, was promoted to Officer.

Members convicted of a severe crime (plain crime in French) are dismissed de jure from the order. Members convicted of a lesser felony (délit in French) can be dismissed too.

Wearing the decoration of the Légion d'honneur without having the right to do so is an offense. Wearing the ribbon or rosette of a foreign order of knighthood is prohibited if that ribbon is mainly red, like the ribbon of the Légion.

Collective appointments can also be made to cities, institutions, companies or military units. In the case of a military unit, its flag is decorated with the insignia of a knight, which is a different award than the fourragère. Cities proudly display the decoration in their crest of arms.

21 schools were awarded the Légion d'honneur. They share this distinction with the Red Cross, the abbey of Our Lady of Dombes and the state-railway company SNCF.

Classes and insignia

The five classes wearing their respective insignia (gentlemen).
The five classes wearing their respective insignia (gentlemen).

The order has five classes:

  • Grand-Croix (Grand Cross): Formerly grande décoration, grand aigle or grand cordon, wears the badge on a sash on the right shoulder, plus the star on the left chest.
  • Grand Officier (Grand Officer): Wears the badge on a ribbon with rosette on the left chest, plus the star on the right chest.
  • Commandeur (Commander): Formerly commandant, wears the badge on a necklet.
  • Officier (Officer): Wears the badge on a ribbon with rosette on the left chest.
  • Chevalier (Knight): Formerly légionnaire, wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest.

The badge of the Légion is a five-armed 'Maltese Asterisk' (for want of a better description — see Maltese Cross) in gilt (in silver for chevalier) enameled white, with an enameled laurel and oak wreath between the arms. The obverse central disc is in gilt, featuring the head of Marianne, surrounded by the legend République Française on a blue enamel ring. The reverse central disc is also in gilt, with a set of crossed tricolore, surrounded by the Légion's motto Honneur et Patrie (Honour and Fatherland) and its foundation date on a blue enamel ring. The badge is suspended by an enameled laurel and oak wreath.

The star (or "plaque") is worn by Grand Cross (in gilt on the left chest) and Grand Officer (in silver on the right chest) respectively; it is similar to the badge, but without enamel, and with the wreath replaced by a cluster of rays in between each arm. The central disc features the head of Marianne, surrounded by the legend République Française and the motto Honneur et patrie.

The ribbon for the badge is plain red.

The badge or star is not worn usually, except at the time of the decoration ceremony or on a dress uniform. Instead, one normally wears the ribbon or rosette on one's suit.

Gallery of images

 The Order and other countries

In the United States, General Eisenhower is among the 10,000 Americans who have received the decoration. In 1949 the Academies of West Point and Annapolis were also decorated. Although it is rare for an ambassador in Paris to be awarded the Légion d'honneur, a posthumous exception was made for the United States ambassador Pamela Harriman in 1997.

Additionally, in the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Lord Mountbatten and Winston Churchill have all been decorated with the Grand Cross.

Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, received the Grand Cross in September 2006.

Amitabh Bachchan, the Bollywood star of India, received the award in January 2007. [1]

Clint Eastwood, the Hollywood director and actor, received the award in February 2007. [2]

Locations associated with the Order

A grand total of 68 cities and villages, amongst them Liège in 1914, Belgrade in 1920, Luxembourg in 1957 and Stalingrad in 1984 were decorated. So were 51 regiments and the Military school of Autun.

The Order has its own boarding schools in Saint-Denis and Les Loges in the forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. A thousand children and grand-children of the members of the order are educated there.

 

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B cont.

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E cont.

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H

 

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